Newsletter (NL 2025-12) – a year in review & other news

The Vetiver System in 2025

The most outstanding aspect of the Vetiver System in 2025 were the people of the VS global community.  WhatsApp groups in India and Latin America, the monthly Latin American Conversatorios, and numerous active Facebook groups carried on wide-ranging discussions that moved riverbanks in Vietnam to hillside farms in India, to coastal landscapes in Latin America, and land restoration in Africa. A grower showed how chop-and-drop vetiver mulch held moisture through drought; another captured riverbanks that stayed intact after storms when vetiver was an integral part of a bioengineering scheme. Researchers continued to add clarity and scientific backstopping on slope stability and constructed wetlands, providing practitioners with science-based design inputs and/or supplying evidence to convince decision-makers. In the aggregate, all of these contributions and conversations were themselves the most important developments of 2025. They showcased an increasing integration between field practice, digital knowledge exchange, and evidence generation. Given the central importance of seeing wider dissemination, replication and scaling up of VS, 2025 contributed something of great value for scaling: sharing of repeatable practices at scale, backed up by a faster learning loop and a stronger evidence base for designs.

We can note at least three takeaways from this last year:

• Networks becoming adoption infrastructure. WhatsApp groups and Facebook communities increasingly functioned like a global extension service: rapid troubleshooting, shared templates, and peer reinforcement.
• Technical credibility tightened. Research and practitioner dialogue converged around slope stability mechanics, constructed wetlands, and contaminant management, all application areas that are highly demanding as regards technical credibility if specific projects are to attract funding and survive technical scrutiny.
• Packaging improved. The best posts and threads did not just show success; they explained it in a way others could copy—site conditions, what was tried, what changed, and what to do next time.

Scaling up of VS in 2025: Some notable network people

Early on TVNI learned the importance of “Vetiver champions”, individuals who were convinced by the power and potential of the Vetiver System and dedicated themselves to both building their own knowledge but also to promoting VS, sharing their experiences and knowledge, and urging individuals, groups and governments to pay attention to VS and put it use where needed.  It is these individuals that have had a disproportionate impact in their countries, their regions, and in some cases, globally in getting VS into projects, programs, and the daily lives of households and communities.  At the end of 2025 we would like to recognize some of these individuals and their contributions to the scaling up of VS applications around the world….and this, with apologies to the dozens others of you whose names should be included here.

Standards and technical mainstreaming

• Paul Truong (Australia) — TVNI’s foundational technical leader whose research and mentoring helped vetiver earn legitimacy with engineers and agencies. By proving performance under harsh conditions and documenting applications, he made adoption lower-risk and easier to specify. While Paul “graduated” to emeritus status this year as TVNI’s Technical Director, he continues to weigh in on topics and questions when his unparalleled knowledge and experience are sought.
• Feng Ziyuan (China) — TVNI’s new Co-Technical Director, he has driven high-volume, technically rigourous deployment of VS in China. By aligning propagation, field methods, high standards, and capacity-building for large programs, he shows how VS can scale without sacrificing quality or performance. In 2026, he hopes to be bringing his expertise to the East Africa region, where numerous, large-scale infrastructure projects being supported by the Chinese government would benefit from incorporating VGTs.
• Mohammad Shariful Islam (Bangladesh) — Advances vetiver-based slope stabilization standards aimed at engineers and project managers. Having clear specifications for design, procurement, supervision, and monitoring will help to move vetiver into mainstream practice with consistent quality.
• Paula Leão Rodrigues Pereira (Brazil) — Brings professional engineering discipline to ecological solutions. By translating vetiver into engineer-ready designs and documented case studies, she contributes to building the necessary confidence among contractors, clients, and regulators, and so accelerating adoption in infrastructure and restoration work.

Delivery platforms that make adoption “real”

• Robinson Vanoh (Papua New Guinea / South Pacific) — TVNI’s new Co-Technical Director, Robinson combines a practitioner-company platform with training and country-level promotion across PNG and the South Pacific. That blend—deliver projects well, teach others, then disseminate—creates replicable and scalable adoption pathways that go far beyond one-off expert support.
• Christian Makokha (Kenya/Uganda) — Demonstrates that vetiver service companies are a pathway to scale. By delivering successful, quality-controlled riverbank and bioengineering work and outcomes, and communicating practice-based lessons, he helps broaden understanding and interest in VS and encourages its adoption.

Network orchestration and convening

• P.N. Subramanian (India) — Builds narrative and convening infrastructure for India’s movement. By curating interviews and helping anchor ICV-8 planning, he grows the ecosystem—practitioners, entrepreneurs, and institutions—needed for national-scale replication.
• Peter Kingori (Kenya) — Moves vetiver from plot-scale to watershed-scale action. By convening diverse stakeholders around soil health and water quality, he shows how governance and collective commitment can make restoration durable and replicable.
• Rafael Luque Mirabal (Venezuela / LAVN) — Coordinates LAVN and reframes vetiver in SDG and livelihood terms. By building cross-border practitioner exchange and broadening relevance beyond engineers, he grows the constituency needed for sustained institutional uptake.
• Yorlene Cruz (Costa Rica) — A regional organizer who keeps Spanish-language learning continuous. By convening monthly exchanges and linking technical breadth with institution-building, she converts scattered experience into shared practice that persists across countries and project cycles.

Community-led resilience and livelihood-linked uptake

• Allan Amps (Philippines) — Organizes around shared risk reduction. By connecting upland farmer practices with downstream flood safety through Disaster Help Tools, he aligns incentives across beneficiaries—making adoption and upkeep politically and practically easier.
• Caleb Omolo (Kenya) — Scales through proof-by-practice. By turning degraded land into productive systems and training communities in regenerative methods, he makes vetiver’s benefits visible, understandable, and worth adopting for farmers and land managers.
• Imran Ahimbisibwe (Uganda) — Scales by embedding vetiver inside larger development programs. By integrating vetiver into funded value-chain and landscape initiatives, he converts pilots into pipelines—expanding adoption through existing budgets and partnerships.
• Jonathan Barcant (Trinidad & Tobago) — Turns vetiver into community capability. By training residents to propagate, plant, and maintain hedges through VEEP, he demonstrates how local ownership and skills can replicate projects across islands without constant external inputs.
• Vonnie Roudette (St. Vincent & the Grenadines) — Links restoration to livelihoods and social inclusion. By integrating vetiver work with community programs and local benefit streams, she builds the social ownership essential to long term sustainability of community interests and motivation.

Digital diffusion, communications, and knowledge infrastructure

• Daniel Londoño (Australia; English/Spanish) — Strengthens the network’s digital backbone. By taking on webmaster duties and building “Vetiverse” resources and testimonial pipelines, he makes knowledge easier to find, reuse, and share—so learning compounds rather than dissipates.
• Liyu Xu (China) — A national knowledge steward for China’s Vetiver Network. By synthesizing research and presenting applications, he turns accumulated experience into reusable guidance that supports evidence-led replication and policy-facing credibility.
• Marco Hurtado (Ecuador) — A connector who mobilizes civic networks, universities, and ministries around vetiver as a practical nature-based solution. By pairing convening with modern communications and demonstrations, he brings new institutions and audiences into adoption.
• Martha Isabel Mesa Castro (Colombia) — Expands demand through Spanish-language public communication. By producing short-form outreach that frames vetiver as a practical environmental solution, she attracts new audiences and strengthens Latin America’s visibility and momentum.
• Ngô Đức Thọ (Viet Nam) — Runs a large peer-learning ecosystem that functions like low-cost extension. By curating practical evidence and solutions through the Vietnam Vetiver Farmers community, he shortens the path from question to correct implementation at scale.
• Somo Abdulkadir (Kenya) — Contributes both field proof and knowledge moderation. By monitoring dryland performance and volunteering as a moderator/administrator for both The Vetiver Network International’s Facebook and the Vetiver in Kenya Facebook group, he strengthens confidence locally while improving the quality and usability of shared learning online.

…And notable online communities

Vietnam Vetiver Farmers Group

In 2025, the Vietnam Vetiver Farmers Group (vetiver4vn) further consolidated its role as one of the most consequential practitioner hubs for the Vetiver System anywhere. With over 15,000 members, the community moved well beyond “show-and-tell” posts into a disciplined exchange of field methods—where farmers, contractors, and engineers compare designs, document failures, and refine low-cost nature-based solutions at real sites.

What distinguished the 2025 interchanges and postings was the combination of practical experimentation and engineering ambition. Members shared on-farm “farmer-scientist” trials, including soil-temperature measurements in Cao Phong (Hoa Binh) demonstrating the cooling benefits of vetiver mulch during extreme heat. In Da Nang City along the Yen River, practitioners documented a hybrid riverbank defense—vetiver strips integrated with bamboo piles and steel anchors—reported to have held through the 2025 storm season where conventional hard measures struggled. In the Central Highlands, coffee growers treated vetiver as “crop insurance,” pairing contour strips with chop-and-drop biomass to reduce erosion and protect moisture during prolonged drought.

Technical discussion accelerated around the “Living Soil Nail” concept, with a conference paper presented at the 2025 International Conference on Bio-mediated and Bio-inspired Geotechnics  — The Role Of Vetiver Grass In Soil Erosion And Slope Stabilization In Vietnam: A Review (summarized below) — cited for design equations linking vetiver roots to measurable slope reinforcement for embankments and highways. Scaling also became a theme: the group promoted decentralized, village-based nurseries to keep planting material local, acclimated, and rapidly deployable after disasters. At AgroViet 2025 in Hanoi and in the IFAD-funded Climate Smart Agriculture Transformation Project in the Mekong Delta (in Ben Tre and Tra Vinh), vetiver’s profile rose further as part of Vietnam’s climate-smart toolkit.

India WhatsApp group

In 2025, the 331 member India WhatsApp group operated as a practical “knowledge-and-action hub” for VS, combining technical exchange and the pursuit of institutional scaling; all within a well-run and facilitated discussion group. On the technical side, members debated fit-for-purpose bioengineering—most visibly in a Tiruvannamalai slope-risk thread that distinguished erosion control from landslide mechanics and pushed the group toward clearer application boundaries. The group also focused on details critical to ensuring quality VS implementation: spacing, vertical interval design, pruning cycles, and cost questions that help to translate knowledge into field execution.

On the organizational side, the India Vetiver Foundation (IVF) secured India Income Tax registrations (12A/12AB and 80G) — confirming its charitable status and enabling donors to claim eligible tax deductions on contribution — that along with a donation/membership drive to build up IVF’s capacity to for providing documentation, newsletters, social media, and other adoption infrastructure. Curation of relevant technical resources was itself taken up as a valuable activity and moving key materials into cloud folders for easier retrieval is being proposed

Reviewing the year’s discussion, some of the key benefits of participation in the group, as recognized by the members, included:

• Faster, higher-quality answers on slope risk, erosion control, and design choices
• Curated “shortcuts” to authoritative vetiver resources and learning materials
• Structured learning via seminars, Q&A, and participation certificates
• Clear governance: mission focus maintained; commercial posts redirected appropriately

Mundo Vetiver (LAC) WhatsApp group

In 2025, the 294 member “Mundo Vetiver” WhatsApp group functioned like a rapid-response technical network, keeping itself well-focused on VS applications and questions of technical importance, and launching a “Misión 2025” campaign to double membership and broaden regional diffusion. The most-discussed technical threads during the year included:

• Slope stabilization performance & failure diagnostics (suspected herbicide exposure, maintenance lapses, importance of field checks, usefulness of signage/billboards).
• Pest management (salivazo/spittlebug) with practical debate on burning vs. biological control, plus monitoring and integrated approaches.
• Coastal/salinity applications (“rompeolas” or “wave breaker” questions, shrimp pond lessons, and referral to online evidence of salinity tolerance).
• Biochar/pyrolysis and soil improvement, from accessible kiln methods to agronomic benefits and carbon framing,

Members reported that the highest values of participation in the group included not being “alone” anymore, i.e., peer reinforcement and a durable community of practice; fast, actionable troubleshooting and “next-step” decision paths (labs, monitoring, controls); and practical facilitation (directory building, conference pipeline, and contacts).

VS Research in 2025

OpenAlex — a free, open-source, and comprehensive knowledge base on the global research ecosystem — was asked to provide an index of relevant, Vetiver System-related published literature in 2025. OpenAlex found 238 distinct works, of which peer-reviewed articles comprised about 80% of the total, with the rest being book chapters, preprints, and reports. The primary-topic distribution confirmed that vetiver’s research center of gravity is “nature-based infrastructure”. The most common primary topics were constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment (17 items) and slope/soil-stability studies (14), followed by heavy metals in the environment (9), essential oils and antimicrobial activity (8), and soil erosion/sediment transport (7). OpenAlex’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) tagging highlighted VS research’ strong alignment with Zero Hunger and Clean Water and Sanitation.

Across water and wastewater themes, keyword patterns repeatedly cluster around wastewater, constructed wetland, sewage treatment, contamination, and soil-water dynamics. This suggests a continued shift from proof-of-concept demonstrations toward engineering-relevant design questions: treatment performance under mixed pollutant loads, choice of bed media, and system optimization. At the same time, land-risk work increasingly uses geotechnical and landscape science terms—reflecting a growing focus on measuring how roots strengthen soil and using vegetation to protect slopes.

In 2025, research also picked up around “value-chain” uses. Studies on vetiver essential oil often link it to antimicrobial effects and traditional or aromatherapy uses. Work on using natural fibers in composite materials also grew, focusing on strength testing and new product development. Smaller but steady areas looked at how vetiver interacts with helpful soil fungi, how microbes can help clean up pollution (including biosurfactants), and how drugs and antibiotics affect the environment—suggesting more interest in using mixed biological approaches and dealing with multiple pollutants at once.

While still quite early as most 2025 items are still accruing references, it can be noted that a several papers already stand out, including a highly cited constructed-wetland wastewater paper (12 citations to date) and a hybrid composite-materials paper (9), alongside fast-moving review literature. Geographically, authorship is led by India, the United States and China, with notable contributions from Ethiopia, Indonesia, Thailand, Taiwan, Iran and Nigeria. Overall, the 2025 evidence base continues to consolidate VS’s role as a practical system bridging water quality, land-risk reduction and bio-based products.

The Vetiver System receives three nominations for the 2026 Earthshot Prize

TVNI is pleased to announce that the Vetiver System (VS) has received three independent nominations for the 2026 Earthshot Prize — a meaningful accomplishment that will raise VS ‘s global visibility as a solution that is practical, field-tested, and ready to scale. Having received multiple nominations strengthens the message that VS is not simply promising, but rather is a credible, deployable, and highly relevant solution to improving global priority, environmental outcomes at scale.

TVNI is grateful and sincerely thanks our three nominators, who are:

• BVRio — A non-profit organization founded in 2011 whose mission is to design and promote innovative market-based solutions at the intersection of economic, environmental, and social sustainability.
• EARTHDAY.ORG — The organization that grew out of the first Earth Day in 1970, with a mission to broaden, educate, and activate the environmental movement worldwide through large-scale mobilization and partnerships.
• McGill University — A public research university founded in 1821 in Montreal, Canada, widely recognized as one of the country’s best-known higher-education institutions with a strong global research profile.

Our submission to Earthshot nominates “The Vetiver System” as a practical, low-cost, nature-based “toolkit” that enables smallholder households and rural communities in the Global South to improve soil health and sustain/improve their livelihood and production systems while adapting to climate change. It argues that there is an urgency for upscaling a system like VS that local people can manage and apply themsleves as large-scale, public-sector “planned adaptation” programs are proving to be too slow and constrained by persistent “soft limits” such as weak implementation, limited capacity building, and bureaucratic delivery. VS is presented as a mature, field-proven package with ~30 eco-engineering applications spanning climate-smart agriculture, erosion and runoff control, watershed and infrastructure protection, land and water remediation, and disaster risk reduction, with co-benefits for livelihoods.

TVNI’s submission is aligned with Earthshot’s goals of “Protect & Restore Nature” and, secondarily, “Fix Our Climate”.  The Vetiver System (VS) is presented as a mature, community-led, nature-based “toolkit” (30+ applications) built around Chrysopogon zizanioides — a hardy, non-invasive grass whose 3–4 m deep roots stabilize soil while dense hedgerows slow runoff, trap sediment, and improve infiltration, enabling smallholder farmers and rural communities to reduce erosion, restore soils, protect water, and strengthen resilience to droughts, floods, shallow landslides, and pollution without heavy capital or external expertise. The submission argues VS is already deployed across 100+ countries and can be up to 90% cheaper than hard engineering for slope/riverbank protection, while also supporting livelihoods through nurseries, services, and biomass-based microenterprises. A scaling strategy is presented, which would be pursued should VS be selected for a £1 million prize.

The scaling strategy addresses four constraints: awareness/knowledge, planting-material supply, policy inertia, and adoption finance. To overcome these, the primary levers proposed are a multilingual training hub for the training of trainers, telementoring, AI vetiver chatbot, expanding community nurseries and local private-sector propagation/technical assistance capacity, engaging governments/donors/NGOs for program integration, and using catalytic support to leverage co-financing. TVNI’s global network would be the driver of replication and program uptake. The goals with the funds, over five years, are ambitious: up to 310,000 ha stabilized/ restored, 1.5 km³ water retained/infiltrated, 25 million tonnes of sediment/organic waste prevented from entering waterways, up to 50,000 jobs, and 500,000 farming households with improved incomes, benefiting as many as 7.0 million people.

What TVNI members can do now to improve VS’s odds of becoming an Earthshot finalist

Earthshot reviewers want to  see impactful, clearly evidenced, easy to understand, and low-risk to replicate solutions. With that in mind, it would be very valuable if TVNI members could help to strengthen the “evidence-and-execution” package behind the nomination. Specifically:

1. Share with us one high-quality, quantified case study (1–2 pages). Include: location; problem statement; design details (layout, spacing, companion measures); timeline; and measured outcomes (e.g., erosion reduction, slope performance, runoff changes, crop yield improvements, livelihood/income/quality of life improvements; avoided damage; any other positive improvements of behavior changes resulting from VS applications).
2. Contribute “climate-smart” visual evidence. Before/after photo sets and short videos are most persuasive when time-stamped and tied to an extreme event (storm, flood, drought) with a brief caption explaining what changed—and what did not.
3. Document replicability with practical “how-tos”. Send standard drawings, quantities and cost ranges, Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) checklists, and a short list of common failure modes with remedies. These help reduce perceived delivery risk and strengthen the credibility of the scaling narrative.
4. Strengthen the scale pathway with named partners and pipelines. If you have active projects, training programs, micro-nursery models, or implementation channels (NGOs, public works, private bioengineering firms), provide short descriptions and contact points that can be cited.
5. Offer credible endorsements from decision-makers and implementers. One-page letters (or signed statements) from engineers, watershed authorities, agricultural extension leaders, or major implementing NGOs that speak about outcomes and replicability would help to improve confidence in VS asa a solution.
6. Help sharpen the “single best story” for Earthshot reviewers. If you have a good story (with evidence to match) to share that would provide a clear example to the Earthshot reviewers of the value of VS, please share it. Keep it brief and clear (e.g., problem → mechanism → proof → scale plan.
7. Provide independent verification (third-party sources matter most). Share items not authored by TVNI: peer-reviewed papers, government/engineer sign-offs, audited monitoring results, donor/NGO evaluations, or project completion reports.

TVNI will consolidate all contributions into an “evidence bundle” comprising independently verifiable, visually legible, and comparable across contexts submissions.

The maturation of the Vetiver System – ICV-1 to ICV-7

As noted in the prior month’s Newletter, TVNI’s archive now offer a sortable and searchable table of over 600 papers with supporting presentations from past conferences and workshops of significance (1996 to 2023). This invaluable resource was used to provide some insight into how VS has matured over time, but looking and comparing the focus and thematic breadth of papers and presentations from the first International Vetiver Conference in Thailand in 1996 with those of the latest conference, ICV-7, also held in Thailand in 2023.

Between the First International Conference on Vetiver and the Seventh, the Vetiver System community visibly transitions from proof-of-concept and diffusion to mature diversification and scale-up. ICV-1 framed vetiver primarily as a field-deployable soil and water conservation technology, with deep attention to propagation, establishment, maintenance, and the institutional conditions required for adoption — extension capacity, land tenure constraints, and flexible designs compatible with local farming systems. It also articulated an early expansion agenda (pollution control, disaster prevention, extreme soils, multi-purpose farmer support) while highlighting knowledge gaps around cultivar suitability, system design, and sustained field performance.

ICV-7 presents a markedly broader and more structured technical portfolio. The proceedings are organized across seven major categories — soil and water conservation, basic research, pollution control/treatment, restoration/rehabilitation, disaster mitigation, training/technology dissemination, and alternative uses/socioeconomic values — with 103 full papers concentrated in soil & water, disaster mitigation, pollution control, and basic research. The innovations are also more “systems-engineering” in character, including genotype/trait development concepts, remote sensing/GIS tracking for deployment at scale, and novel engineered interfaces (e.g., vetiver-integrated treatment/energy systems).

One point stayed the same: how to scale up. The first conference stressed the practical barriers to getting farmers and agencies to adopt vetiver; the seventh, even with much broader technical work, included few full papers on training and getting the know-how out to users, suggesting that the “last-mile” rollout is still an area requiring major focus.

As we look toward ICV-8 in India in 2027, the message is clear: vetiver’s technical base has never been stronger—now the priority is to convert that maturity into faster, more durable scale. Potential contributors should consider offering presentations for ICV-8 to not only to showcase high-performance applications and new research, but also to surface the persistent gaps that still constrain adoption: implementation design under real-world constraints, long-term performance and maintenance regimes, the economics of VS and benefit-cost analysis, and—critically—training, extension, and dissemination models that reliably move from pilots to programs. Rigorous data, candid lessons learned, and replicable tools could make ICV-8 a forum where the global VS community aligns around the priority work needed to accelerate mainstream uptake.

A New Year’s Resolution

In a recent Facebook posting, Dick Grimshaw, recommended that photos that we share with the VS community be stamped with the date, coordinates (lat/long) and altitude. He explains: “It would be really useful to stamp vetiver images etc with this information automatically. I know some people would not want to, but others may be amenable For android phones you can down load a free app called Time stamp (and then adjust the settings). I am sure you can do the same for Apple.” 

Let’s all make a joint New Year’s resolution to do just that whenever possible!

Recent research worth citing

The Role Of Vetiver Grass In Soil Erosion And Slope Stabilization In Vietnam: A Review

This paper synthesizes evidence on VS for soil-erosion control and slope stabilization in Vietnam, especially along transport and waterways. It draws from published studies, field trials, and Vietnamese case projects, with the authors reporting consistent benefits: reduced runoff and soil loss, strengthened slopes, and lower exposure to shallow landslides, alongside ecological and socioeconomic co-benefits.

Their review is anchored in Vietnamese practice: large-scale planting along sections of the Ho Chi Minh Highway since 2002; road-slope trials in Khanh Hoa with high survival and progressive rooting depth; a Da Nang riverbank pilot combining vetiver with bamboo piles and steel anchors; and Mekong Delta dyke trials in An Giang, including a 10 km reach that withstood two flood seasons when adequately watered and protected. It also flags constraints that determine outcomes: limited reinforcement in the first 0–6 months, slopes steeper than ~45–50° often needing supplementary measures, periodic cutting, and protection from grazing.

Importantly,  it consolidates Vietnam-specific, practice-ready guidance that can accelerate adoption of lower-cost, nature-based stabilization where hard structures are unaffordable and contributes to standardizing specifications for implementation in Vietnam and elsewhere.

Vetiver Grass Technology: A new perspective for river restoration and women’s empowerment in river communities of rural India

In this IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC) paper, the authors propose a new perspective on Vetiver Grass Technology (VGT) in rural India: vetiver should be treated not only as a bioengineering plant, but as a community-scale approach to rehabilitating riverbeds and riverbanks with explicit co-benefits for women’s empowerment and income generation. Drawing on established VGT applications, they argue that nature-based stabilization and flood-risk reduction can be implemented in ways that also create local work and stewardship.

The paper’s core contribution is its pathway to scale. Instead of positioning VGT as a one-off demonstration, it recommends coupling restoration works with skills training and local enterprise development across the full implementation cycle — propagation and nursery management, planting, routine cutting/maintenance, and basic monitoring. The authors note that these “green jobs” could be coupled with existing rural employment and development mechanisms, including India’s MGNREGA, if government departments coordinate with NGOs and local communities to organize training and delivery.

Why it matters: many nature-based solutions stall at replication because the technical case is decoupled from a durable delivery model. This paper explicitly links VGT to SDG 6 (Water) and SDG 5 (Gender), frames benefits through the “triple bottom line” (people, planet, profits), and provides concise, citable language for moving VGT from pilots to programs. It is a reference for project teams seeking to justify budgets to water, rural development, or livelihood agencies using one integrated narrative.