Vetiver Grass - A World Technology and its Impact on Water
Chairman of The Vetiver Network
Key words: Vetiver Systems�, soil and water
conservation, infrastructure stabilization, water quality, pollution control,
technology dissemination, technical certification
Some years ago I sent a
potential vetiver user in the Caribbean a copy of John Greenfield�s handbook �
Vetiver Grass � A Hedge Against Erosion.
In his reply of thanks he wrote: �I read, I did, and it works�. This is how most vetiver users get
involved and hooked by this remarkable plant and its various applications. This is why we are here in Guangzhou to
listen, learn and then apply new uses for Vetiver, particularly those related
to vetiver�s impact on water conservation and water quality.
We are also here in
Guangzhou to honor those who have researched, developed, and applied vetiver
techniques world wide, but on this occasion especially those in China. We
salute all those who made the effort and commitment to the Vetiver System�
including scientists, government agencies, and the private sector � all
represented here today. There are
some special people who stand out as China�s pioneers in this technology and I
would name just three of many:
�
Liyu
Xu, the Coordinator of the China Vetiver Network who did a wonderful job in
taking the technology in its different forms to various agencies, arranging for
focused introductory workshops, and for the initiation of hands-on vetiver
programs, such as the Dabie Mountain Project (Xu, Liyu, 2003). We are grateful
for his contribution to the Vetiver System� in China, and even more grateful
that he survived a dreadful road accident last year in which three of his
colleagues were killed.
�
Xia
Hanping, who has done so much to assure that this conference would take place,
and who as a young scientist and research worker at the South China Institute
of Botany, started working with the Vetiver System� more than 10 years
ago. Today he is China�s leading
vetiver researcher, and has done much in its promotion in Guangdong Province
(Xia, Hanping, 2001), particular in its application for the bioremediation of
polluted sites.
�
Julia
Xu, who owns and directs a private sector landscaping company, is one of a
growing number of private entrepreneurs who have commercialized the Vetiver System�. She has used vetiver for a range
of land rehabilitation applications and typifies how the entrepreneurial spirit
of the Chinese leads to successful projects that work.
There are others here
who have all made their special contribution to the furthering our knowledge of
the Vetiver System�. I will
mention some of them later in this presentation.
The development of the
Vetiver System� has focused on successful end use. We have not developed strict lines of research; occasionally
we have provided a few informal guidelines, but on the whole we have allowed �A
Thousand Flowers to Bloom� and practical results to flow from those
�Blooms�. A lot has been achieved
without the support of large and important international institutions. Instead we are fortunate to have been
supported by committed individuals agencies that are also looking for practical
end use applications for the mitigation of environmental and agricultural
problems. Our special thanks is
directed to: His Majesty the King
of Thailand and his daughter, our Patron, H.R.H. Princess Maha Chakri
Sirindhorn, for their continuous commitment and investment in vetiver research
and development; the Royal Danish Government for its commitment through vetiver
promotion for the development of the �poor� and their associated environmental
problems; the Amberstone Trust of UK for continued support (now nearly 10
years) to TVN and country networks in furthering this technology and in
believing in our ability to achieve; the Wallace Genetic Foundation for its
generous support for vetiver research in Australia and China; and The William
Donner Foundation for funding world wide vetiver research and the 2003 Vetiver
Awards Program. In addition we
have to thank all those other, mainly NGOs, government agencies, institutions
and individuals who have generously supported, both in their time and money,
vetiver programs around the world.
Looking back over the
years of my involvement with the Vetiver System� and its application, I see
four distinct phases in its development as a world technology.
We welcome today John
Greenfield from New Zealand, my friend and colleague, who was responsible for
renewing the vetiver grass technology for soil and water conservation in India
in the 1980s. Without his effort
and foresight we would not be here today.
He first used vetiver for soil and water conservation in Fiji in the
1950s. In those days vetiver
applications were pretty much focused on agricultural conservation uses in the
hot wet tropics, and then only by a few users, notably the sugar industry. Thirty years later he �rediscovered� the
grass in India (where later we found that a small group of farmers had been
using it for perhaps centuries for soil conservation purposes). He made a lot of people rather upset by
introducing what was then quite a revolutionary idea of replacing conservation
structures by grass hedges.
Vetiver was tested for on farm soil and water conservation in many
Indian states. It was at that time
that he authored the small green book �Vetiver Grass � A Hedge Against Erosion�. Tens of thousands of these booklets have been printed in at
least 20 different languages including Mandarin. Slowly the �hedge against erosion� spread to other countries
in the world and today it is being used for soil conservation on every major
continent and in more than one hundred countries (mainly in the tropics and
semi tropics). We need to remember
some of those early researchers, including G.M. Bahrad (Bharad and Bathkal,
1991) of India, Ly Tung and Fatima Balina of the Philippines (Ly Tung et al.
1991),
Ruppenthal (1992) of CIAT, Colombia and others who carried out important
research to quantify and demonstrate the effectiveness of vetiver hedgerows in
reducing soil loss and increasing soil moisture and groundwater recharge.
Subsequently continued
research into soil and water conservation and vetiver has been carried out extensively
in many countries including China, (Ye, Hu Jian et al. 1997), Kenya (Owino,
2003), Madagascar, Peru, Senegal,
Thailand (Howeler, R. et al., 2003), Venezuela, and Vietnam, to mention a
few.
In the early 1990s the
focus of vetiver research moved to Malaysia where Dr. P.K. Yoon of the Rubber
Research Institute of Malaysia carried out some outstanding research on a wide
range of vetiver topics. His work
was detailed in print and through photographs in his magnificent report �A Look
See at Vetiver in Malaysia� (Yoon, 1993).
This report is readily available on CD-ROM and should be compulsory
reading for all vetiver users.
P.K. Yoon studied the basic �technical architecture� of Vetiver grass
and how that �architecture� could be applied to the tree crop and plantation
industry. He also initiated and
demonstrated its use for the stabilization of earthen-engineered
structures. He worked with Diti
Hengchaovanich, at that time general manager of a highway construction company
in Malaysia. Diti Hengchaovanich
supported the research into the tensile strength of vetiver roots and its
impact on the shear strength of soil and applied the results on a large scale
on expressways in Malaysia. This
work (Hengchaovanich, 1998), was the first to quantify the impact of vetiver
for engineers. Vetiver�s birth as
a �living soil nail� started to bear fruit and engineers around the world took
notice of this �soft� technology.
The El Salvadorian Company, NOBS, developed large vetiver nurseries and
applied the technology for highway stabilization over many kilometers of
highways (these applications were severely tested by Hurricane Mitch and
performed as expected in assuring a stable structure). Soon after, at the instigation of Liyu
Xu, Chinese provincial governments, particular those of Fujian and Jiangxi took
up the technology for highway stabilization. Research and application for engineering purposes have been
undertaken in other countries, notably: Australia, China (Huang, Bo et al. 2003), El Salvador, Madagascar
(Hengchaovanich and Freudenberger, 2003), Malaysia, Nicaragua, South Africa,
Thailand (Sanguankaeo et al. 2003), and Vietnam amongst others.
During the latter part
of this phase The Royal Development Projects Board of Thailand, under the
guidance of the King of Thailand, carried out research and development of
vetiver, propagation[1] (especially
tissue cultured plantlets), management and application. This has had a
significant impact on other users, and helped strengthen the interest in the
Vetiver System� around the world.
The Thai work is published by a number of Thai institutions and by the
Pacific Rim Vetiver Network under the coordination of Dr. Narong Chomcahalow. I should like to take this opportunity
of recognizing and thanking Dr. Narong Chomchalow for his professional and
dedicated service to the promotion and development of the Vetiver System� and
to the committee that supports the continuation of these international vetiver
conferences. Thailand must be
recognized for its commitment to vetiver through the organization of two
international conferences on vetiver (ICV1 and ICV2) and for its continuing
support for research and in training people from all around the world � notably
the International Training Workshop (Chomchalow, 2000) organized by the Royal
Development Projects Board with the sponsorship of the Heineken Corporation.
(Office of the Royal Development Projects Board, 2000).
In the mid 1990s a new
figure emerged on the scene � Paul Truong of Queensland, Australia. He was intrigued that a plant like
vetiver had the ability to thrive over a wide range of conditions, particular
in soils of high acidity as well as high alkalinity. Starting from some rather simple experiments on vetiver and
pH, he went on to test vetiver�s tolerance to a range of heavy metals (Truong
and Baker, 1998). The very
positive outcome of the latter, and vetiver�s proven tolerance to high levels
of these metals led to his and others (Xia, Hanping and Shu, Wensheng, 2003) initiatives in using vetiver for
dealing with polluted landscapes and sites, such as municipal land fills, mine
tailings, acid sulphate soils, etc.
Experiments and demonstrations have been carried out in Australia
(Truong and Bevan 2000), China (Ping, Zhang and Xia Hanping, 2003) and Thailand
(Srisatit, Thares et al., 2003) to test vetiver under extreme conditions, all with
positive results. By the end of
the century it was becoming clear that vetiver grass had unique qualities that
could be put to use in tackling not only land stability issues, but also water
quality enhancement. The time had
come when we could now put vetiver to use in its native environment, that is,
one closely related to water.
Vetiver�s unique physiology has typical characteristics of a hydrophyte
� its origins are swampy wetlands.
Since the beginning of
this new century I see major efforts, particularly here in East Asia and the
Pacific regions (Australia, China, Thailand and Vietnam), to expand, research
and develop the Vetiver System� over a wide range of applications to mitigate
problems relating to industry and commercial pollution. East Asian countries
have fast growing industrial development and supporting infrastructure. Scientists and policy makers in this
region are aware that they have to find low cost solutions to deal with the
serious environmental problems that their countries face. The Vetiver System�
is one such technology that has great promise (Truong, 2003). This phase also reflects an effort to
bring private sector entrepreneurs into mainstream vetiver development,
promotion and marketing (Xia, Hanping,2003). There is now sufficient scientific information about the
Vetiver System� to provide technical and scientific quantification and
confidence to those commercial enterprises that market and use the
technology. We see this private
sector involvement in many countries including Australia, China, El Salvador,
Madagascar, Malaysia, Senegal, South Africa, Thailand, Vietnam, and USA and
amongst others. In the medium term
I see East Asia and the Pacific dominating vetiver research with Vietnam
probably becoming the research leader for this decade.
At the conclusion of the
last conference (ICV2), held in Thailand in 2000, I suggested (Grimshaw, 2000)
that the principal theme of this current conference should be �vetiver and
water�. Of course water issues
were and still are high on the world�s agenda and therefore deserve attention. I also knew that vetiver grass impacts
on water in one way or the other, and that it has an important role to play in
its relationship to water conservation and water quality. I also knew that
Vetiver System� has something to offer that is low cost and relatively easy to
apply.
Vetiver and water fits
very nicely into a broad all encompassing watershed management approach, and
its applications have different functions in different parts of the
watershed. During this conference
these relationships will become more apparent. Without stealing other speakers �thunder� I will try and
show how these relationships work.
3.2 Middle watershed
In most developing countries the middle
watersheds are generally the location of upland farmers. It is in these areas that on-farm
erosion is a serious problems and where water quality and water availability
limits agricultural growth. The Vetiver System� does and should play a vital
role in improving in situ moisture conservation, improving groundwater,
stabilizing small reservoirs, river banks, and farm to market roads. In addition vetiver byproducts can
support rural families in their use as thatch, mulch, material for handicrafts
and numerous other purposes.
Wherever the Vetiver System� is used for soil conservation and
land/construction site stabilization it will impact on the quality of water,
whether it be runoff or groundwater.
One of many good examples of the impact and importance of the Vetiver
System� on middle watershed areas is the recent work in Thailand and Vietnam in
the successful introduction of the Vetiver System� to the heavily eroding (over
40 tons of dry soil per year) cassava growing areas (Howeler et al., 2003).
3.3 Lower watershed
These are generally flatlands, often very wide
river valleys or plains. Urban and
agrarian people normally heavily populate them; they support intensive
agriculture, industry and associated support infrastructure. These areas use
large quantities of water for irrigation, industry, and domestic purposes, and
are dependenct on good quality supplies of water from the upper and middle
levels of the watershed, and on currently depleting ground water sources. Both land and people are abused. Both
are subject to exposure to over use of chemicals, to dirty water supplies and
to serious sewage and waste disposal problems. Infrastructure is intense in these areas. Land is quarried for stone, leaving
scars on the landscape that are both unsightly and a source of contaminated
soils and water. Dense populations
are located on unstable sites that are often subject to flooding and
collapse. Communication
infrastructure such as highways and railroads concentrate water flows, and
unless stabilized are serious sources of contaminates in water runoff. Most industrial sites are contaminated
with everything from poisonous chemicals to fuel spills and garbage. River banks and flood embankments are
regularly destroyed by wave action created by fast and ever increasing numbers
of river boats and by floods, and are often, if at all, repaired at very high
cost. The Vetiver System� has a role in the mitigation of many of these
problems. It is reported that 80%
of south China�s sediment flow comes from industrial and construction sites
(highways, railways, building sites and related construction material
sources). I would hazard a guess
that the majority of sediment is generated in the lower watershed areas. Each particle of sediment carries
contaminates that impact on water use, water quality and the cost of making
that water fit for use.
You will learn at this
conference how the Vetiver System� can be used to clean up sewage effluent,
create artificial wetlands, stabilize river banks, prevent flood damage,
rehabilitate landfills, protect industrial and construction sites, reduce
excess fertilizers from agricultural lands, and stabilize drainage systems in
acid sulphate soils (Truong, et al., 2003b) (typical of coastal lowlands). You will
see how recent and extensive research is demonstrating just how the Vetiver
System� works in these situations and you can envisage, if you have the vision,
just how the technology can be adapted for the future.
Other papers presented
at this conference have direct impact on the lower watersheds (that include the
coastal plains of East and South Asia where the majority of people live. Demonstrations and research support
previous views that the Vetiver System� will reduce substantially the wave and
flood damage to riverbanks and flood embankments [(Metcalfe, et al., 2003), Le Viet Dung, et
al.,
2003), (Islam, 2003)]. Practical applications in Guangdong Province of China and
the Central region of Vietnam show what the Vetiver System� can do. The management of urban waste is a
major problem, and the reduction or prevention of toxic leachates from these
landfills is essential if down stream water flows are to maintain reasonable
quality. You will see how the
Vetiver System� has effectively secured one of China�s largest landfills (Wei Liu, et al., 2003) in the vicinity
of Guangzhou. The recycling of
water in urban areas is possible if low cost solutions can be found to remove
BODs, phosphates and other impurities (Mongkon Ta-oun, et al., 2003). Research
clearly demonstrates the use of the Vetiver System� for this purpose. In many urban areas the �poor� are sited
on the worst sites, that are often steep and unstable - the Vetiver System�
have been shown to stabilize such slopes and reduce the hazards of landslips.
The lowlands are often the
most fertile and intensively farmed areas. Intensive farming requires high use of fertilizers and other
chemicals; the Vetiver System� will significantly reduce chemical leachate from
agricultural land (Wagner, et al., 2003), and at the same time provide added stability
to such infrastructure as farm roads, drains and irrigation canals.
We find that with industrial
and agriculture growth comes expanded infrastructure and construction sites
that are the point source of significant contaminated sediment flows, also
contingent quarrying creates unsightly and often unstable landscapes. The
Vetiver System� can be used to stabilize the former and rehabilitate the
latter. Demonstration and research
support its use. Vetiver is truly
a remarkable plant.
Regretfully I do not have time
in this presentation to review and discuss the many other interesting papers
that be presented at this conference, as my purpose has been to focus primarily
on vetiver and water. However we
recognize all of you who have contributed to the increased knowledge about
Vetiver System�, your work is valuable and often extremely important in moving
this unique technology and plant forward to the future.
4 THE VETIVER
SYSTEM� TECHNOLOGY DISSEMINATION
The introduction of new
technology is a slow process as we have found over the past 20 odd years
working with the Vetiver System�, but each year more users are applying the
technology in one form or other.
We have to work hard at marketing the Vetiver System�, and we have to
use the many alternative avenues that are available to us. I am still concerned that not enough
farmers are using the Vetiver System� for erosion control and in situ moisture conservation. I am intrigued by Van den Berg et al paper (Van den Berg, et al., 2003): �Can Vetiver Grass, Vetiveria
zizanioides, be used to Manage Insect
Pests?�. In this instance the
researchers have worked with maize as the protected crop. I remember in 1990 visiting Fujian
Province of China and being concerned that vetiver was acting as a host plant
for stem borer, and that the stem borer incidence for the adjacent rice crop
would increase. I wonder if all
along the opposite was occurring?
This leads me to the point that we must look at all the agricultural
benefits of vetiver and that farmers must be made aware of all these benefits,
that apart from soil erosion control, includes vetiver use as thatch, mulch,
fuel, forage, medicinal value, handicraft potential, paper, ground water
enhancer, crop yield enhancement and more. Further we need to put an economic cash value to these
benefits.
Evidence points to
the fact that promotion of the Vetiver System� by the private sector is likely
to be the most effective. Experience in Central American countries, Madagascar,
Senegal, China (Hanping Xia . 2003), and Australia all indicate private sector
success and vigor in the Vetiver System� promotion. It is interesting to see
the contrasting success of the introduction of the Vetiver System� to East Bali
by a private sector NGO (Booth and Ardika, 2003) compared to the relative
failure (Prayogo, 2003) by government agencies in Western Java � both located
in Indonesia - both having ideal climates for vetiver growth and effectiveness.
Other avenues include teaching
school children about the Vetiver System�. Also the inclusion, where and when
relevant, of Vetiver System� applications in community programs, and getting
budget conscious quasi government agencies, such as railways and highways, that
have to worry about their budgets to use the technology.
There are roles for government
agencies � and an important one too.
That is to sponsor sector focused workshops for potential users. Liyu Xu, China�s Vetiver Network
Coordinator has done this most successfully. So has the Royal Development
Projects Board in Thailand, and Criss Juliard�s introductions to Madagascar and
Senegal of the Vetiver System�
through small business enterprises. Government agencies can help by
contracting small private companies put initial vetiver multiplication centers
into place, for as we know unless the plant material is readily available,
potential users are unlikely to use it.
We can do a lot more in making
knowledge more available on a wide basis, and I hope that interest generated by
this conference will provide incentives to get the Vetiver System� information
out to all sectors.
5 THE VETIVER
NETWORK
Before closing I would like to
say a few words about The Vetiver Network (TVN). Earlier this year we appointed a new volunteer coordinator,
Dale Rachmeler, who took over from Joan Miller. Joan did a wonderful job first
establishing the Latin America Vetiver Network and then coordinating the
Vetiver Network. Dale has
excellent qualifications for the task, and I hope that because of his travels
he will be able to do more work with vetiver in Africa. TVN, through funding support of the
Amberstone Trust, has recently commissioned the Southern Africa Vetiver Network
(SAVN) to undertake a study in southern and eastern Africa to see what is
actually happening on the ground with the Vetiver System�, what the future
might be, and to report on how accelerated use of the Vetiver System� might be
achieved. SAVN coordinator, Jon
McCosh, is attending this conference and I hope that those of you from Africa
meet with him.
More than a year ago I set up
a Discussion Forum on our website: https://www.vetiver.org/discus. It has
proved a good way of having an informal exchange about the Vetiver System� and
I would hope that as a result of this conference more of you register to use
the Forum. The advantage of
registration is that the registered person will receive automatic emails of the
Forum postings. For those who have
difficulty in accessing a web page, the next best thing is an email.
During my last visit to China
in April 2002 I was asked whether TVN would provide certificates to the Vetiver
System� users and developers who had a proven record of technical excellence
and accomplishment. We have now
created these certificates. They
will not be given away lightly, but will be given to those who can prove their
ability. There will be three
classes of excellence:
�
First Class - will be truly exceptional people who have a wide
range of knowledge, have proven ability in at least three areas of application,
and have capability of training others.
�
Second Class - will be those with proven ability in at least two
areas of application and with an ability to plan and cost out at he Vetiver
System� project/job.
�
Third Class - will be people who can demonstrate their ability in
the understanding, use, management and proper application of the technology in
one particular area.
Information about this certification process and examples of
the certificates can be down loaded from our web site. You should note that TVN will accept
for consideration applications forwarded by country coordinators, and will keep
a worldwide list of certified persons that will be made public on our web site.
Finally I wish to thank the
organizers of this conference for doing the hard work and look forward to some
interesting days to come.
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